1And they stayed three years with no war between Aram and Israel. 2And it happened in the third year that Jehoshaphat king of Judah came down to the king of Israel. 3And the king of Israel said to his servants, “Did you know that Ramoth-Gilead is ours? Yet we refrain from taking it from the hand of the king of Aram.” 4And he said to Jehoshaphat, “Will you go with me to battle at Ramoth-Gilead?” And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, “I am like you, my people like your people, my horses like your horses.” 5And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, “Inquire, pray, now the word of the LORD.” 6And the king of Israel gathered the prophets, about four hundred men, and he said to them, “Shall I go against Ramoth-Gilead for battle or should I desist?” and they said, “Go up, that the Master may give it into the king’s hand.” 7And Jehoshaphat said, “Is there no prophet of the LORD left here, that we might inquire of him?” 8And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “There is still one man through whom to inquire of the LORD, but I hate him, for he will not prophesy good about me but evil—Micaiah son of Imlah.” And Jehoshaphat said, “Let not the king say thus.” 9And the king of Israel called to a certain eunuch and said, “Hurry here Micaiah son of Imlah.” 10And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah were sitting each on his throne dressed in royal garb on the threshing floor at the entrance gate of Samaria, and all the prophets were prophesying before them. 11And Zedekiah son of Chenaanah made himself iron horns and said, “Thus says the LORD: ‘With these shall you gore the Arameans until you destroy them.’” 12And all the prophets were prophesying thus, saying, “Go up to Ramoth-Gilead and prosper, and the LORD shall give it into the hand of the king.” 13And the messenger who had gone to call Micaiah spoke to him, saying, “Look, pray, the words of the prophets as with one mouth are good for the king. Let your word, pray, be like the word of one of them, and you should speak good things.” 14And Micaiah said, “As the LORD lives, that which the LORD says to me will I speak.” 15And he came to the king and the king said to him, “Micaiah, shall we go up to Ramoth-Gilead to battle or shall we refrain?” and he said to him, “Go up and prosper, and the LORD shall give it into the hand of the king.” 16And the king said to him, “How many times must I make you swear that you shall speak to me only truth in the name of the LORD?” 17And he said, “I saw all Israel scattered over the mountains like sheep that have no shepherd. And the LORD said, ‘These have no master. Let each go back home in peace.’” 18And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “Did I not say to you, he will not prophesy good about me but evil?” 19And he said, “Therefore hear the word of the LORD: I saw the LORD sitting on His throne with all the army of the heavens standing in attendance by Him at His right and at His left. 20And the LORD said, ‘Who will entice Ahab, that he go up and fall at Ramoth-Gilead?’ And one said this way and one said another way. 21And a spirit came out and stood before the LORD and said, ‘I will entice him.’ 22And the LORD said, ‘How?’ And it said, ‘I will go out and become a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets.’ And He said, ‘You shall entice and you shall also prevail. Go forth and thus do.’ 23And now, look, the LORD has placed a lying spirit in the mouth of all these prophets of yours, but the LORD has spoken evil against you.” 24And Zedekiah son of Chenaanah approached and struck Micaiah on the cheek and said, “How has the spirit of the LORD passed from me to speak to you?” 25And Micaiah said, “You are about to see on that day when you will enter the innermost chamber to hide.” 26And the king of Israel said, “Take Micaiah and bring him back to Amon commander of the town and to Joash the king’s son, 27and say, ‘Thus said the king: Put this fellow in the prison-house and feed him meager bread and meager water until I return safe and sound.’” 28And Micaiah said, “If you really return safe and sound, the LORD has not spoken through me.” And he said, “Hear, all peoples!”29And the king of Israel went up, and Jehoshaphat king of Judah with him, to Ramoth-Gilead. 30And the king of Israel said, “I will disguise myself and go into battle, but you, don your royal garb.” And the king of Israel disguised himself and went into the battle. 31And the king of Aram had charged the commanders of his thirty-two chariots, saying, “You shall battle against neither small nor great but against the king of Israel alone.” 32And it happened, when the commanders of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, “He must be the king of Israel,” and they swerved against him to do battle, and Jehoshaphat cried out. 33And it happened, when the commanders of the chariots saw that he was not the king of Israel, they turned back from him. 34But a man drew the bow unwitting and struck the king of Israel between the joints of the armor. And he said to his charioteer, “Turn your hand back and take me out of the fray, for I am wounded.” 35And the battle surged on that day, and the king was propped up in the chariot facing Aram. And he died in the evening, and the blood of the wound spilled out onto the floor of the chariot. 36And the rumor passed through the camp as the sun was setting, saying, “Each man to his town and each man to his land.” 37And the king died, and they came to Samaria and buried the king in Samaria. 38And they flushed out the chariot by the pool of Samaria, and the dogs licked his blood, and the whores had bathed, according to the word of the LORD that He had spoken. 39And the rest of the acts of Ahab and all that he did, and the ivory house that he built and all the towns that he built, are they not written in the Book of the Acts of the Kings of Israel? 40And Ahab lay with his fathers, and Ahaziah his son was king in his stead.
41And Jehoshaphat son of Asa had become king over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. 42Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he became king, and he was king in Jerusalem twenty-five years. And his mother’s name was Azubah daughter of Shilhi. 43And he went in all the ways of Asa his father, he did not turn away from them, to do what was right in the eyes of the LORD. 44Only the high places were not removed. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense on the high places. 45And Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel. 46And the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat and his valor that he performed and with which he fought, are they not written in the Book of the Acts of the Kings of Judah? 47And the rest of the male cult-harlots who were left in the days of Asa his father he rooted out from the land. 48And there was no king in Edom but a royal governor. 49Jehoshaphat had fashioned Tarshish ships to go to Ophir for gold, but they did not go, for the ships had broken up in Ezion-Geber. 50Then did Ahaziah son of Ahab say to Jehoshaphat, “Let my servants go with your servants in ships,” but Jehoshaphat did not agree. 51And Jehoshaphat lay with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the City of David his father, and Jehoram his son became king in his stead. 52Ahaziah son of Ahab had become king over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he was king over Israel two years. 53And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD and went in the way of his father and in the way of his mother and in the way of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who had led Israel to offend. 54And he worshipped Baal and bowed down to him and vexed the LORD God of Israel as all that his father had done.
CHAPTER 22 NOTES
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2. Jehoshaphat king of Judah came down to the king of Israel. The verb here is slightly odd for a movement from south to north. It could reflect the high elevation of the Judahite capital in Jerusalem.
3. the king of Israel. Throughout this long episode, with just one exception, the northern monarch is referred to as “king of Israel,” not “Ahab,” in a striking divergence from most of the preceding stories about Ahab. Some scholars, citing the contradiction of this need to retake Ramoth-Gilead when the king of Aram had agreed to return all Israelite towns in his terms of surrender, propose that the king of Israel here is Ahab’s son Ahaziah, with that story then being attached to the Ahab narrative. The fact that it is not Elijah but a different prophet, Micaiah, who confronts the king, may support this view.
4. Will you go with me to battle. The northern and southern kingdoms had long been at war with each other, but now they become allies, perhaps because of the threat to both of Aram.
5. Inquire, pray, now the word of the LORD. As we have seen before, it was standard practice in the biblical world and throughout the ancient Near East to inquire of an oracle before a battle.
7. Is there no prophet of the LORD left here. The precise cultic identity of the four hundred prophets is ambiguous. Jehoshaphat’s words here suggest that he does not regard them as prophets of the LORD. In their own words, they invoke “the Master,” which could be YHWH or another deity. Three possibilities emerge: they are actually pagan prophets; they are syncretistic prophets, alternately turning to YHWH and to other gods; they are purported prophets of the LORD, claiming to speak in the name of YHWH with no actual access to Him. It is plausible that this king of Israel, whether Ahab or his son, would keep a throng of dubious court prophets around him.
8. Micaiah son of Imlah. The king withholds this name until the very end of his speech, as though he could barely bring himself to utter it.
10. each on his throne dressed in royal garb. This display of royal regalia, rather odd in this threshing floor location, sets the stage for the battle scene, when one of the two will dress as a commoner in a futile effort to protect himself from harm.
11. made himself iron horns. This use of symbolic props to illustrate the prophecy is occasionally taken up by the Literary Prophets. Here, however, it is made to stand in contrast to Micaiah’s mode of operation: he resorts to no symbols but simply reports his prophetic vision.
13. Let your word, pray, be like the word of one of them. The messenger is perfectly aware that the king anticipates only bad news from Micaiah, and he tries to ward off trouble by encouraging him to deliver a positive prophecy.
14. that which the LORD says to me will I speak. His words are reminiscent of the ones spoken by the pagan seer Balaam in Numbers 22:38. Balaam was summoned to pronounce doom on Israel but blessed them instead; Micaiah, when the king of Israel would like him to prophesy good, will deliver a message of doom.
17. like sheep that have no shepherd . . . “These have no master.” In the first instance, evidently following the messenger’s instructions, Micaiah prophesies victory, in a vague formulation. Now, pressed by the suspicious king, he couches his true prophecy in oblique terms, but the response of the king of Israel in the next verse indicates his clear understanding that the sheep without a shepherd is a prediction of his own death.
19. And he said. Jehoshaphat does not answer the rhetorical question of the king of Israel. Instead, Micaiah picks up the moment of silence by pronouncing a second prophecy of doom, far more explicit than the first.
I saw the LORD sitting on His throne with all the army of the heavens standing in attendance. There is a convergence between the visionary scene and the actual one. As armies assemble below, the celestial army stands in attendance on God (He is LORD of Armies, or LORD of Hosts). The two kings have been sitting on their thrones, which, as Moshe Garsiel has aptly observed, is precisely how Micaiah sees the LORD in his vision.
20. Who will entice Ahab. This story puts forth a theological explanation of false prophecy. A celestial spirit answers God’s call and volunteers to lure Ahab to his destruction by putting a false message in the mouths of the four hundred prophets claiming to speak the word of the LORD. By means of this contrivance, everything in this story is seen to be determined by God, and the false prophecy is not merely the human initiative of prophets seeking to curry the king’s favor. It is only here that the monarch is named as Ahab, not “king of Israel.”
28. And he said, “Hear, all peoples!” The “he” is Micaiah speaking again. The repetition of the formula for introducing direct speech, with no intervening response from the king, suggests that the king is flabbergasted by the prophet’s obduracy, even in the face of imprisonment. But the hortatory “Hear, all peoples!” is an odd thing for the prophet to say in this narrative context. In fact, these three words are borrowed from the beginning of Micah’s prophecies (Micah 1:2) and are almost certainly an editorial interpolation intended to establish a link between Micaiah son of Imlah and the literary prophet Micah (the same name without the theophoric suffix, who lived a century later). Some versions of the Septuagint lack these three words.
30. I will disguise myself. The Masoretic Text reads “disguise yourself,” which is flatly contradicted by the next clause, in which the king of Israel tells Jehoshaphat to wear royal garb. Three ancient versions have the king of Israel and not Jehoshaphat disguising himself, and this is surely the original reading.
34. drew the bow unwitting. He is simply targeting an Israelite in a chariot, unaware that the man in commoner’s clothes is the king of Israel.
35. the king was propped up in the chariot facing Aram. His initial command to the charioteer to carry him away from the front is not carried out, either because the fighting is so thick that the chariot cannot get away or because the charioteer decides on his own that the removal of the king would demoralize the troops. The dying king, propped up in the chariot, appears to be continuing to battle.
the floor of the chariot. The Hebrew uses an anatomical term, literally “bosom.” The passage of several hours indicates that the king dies of loss of blood from the wound, so there would have been a considerable quantity of blood on the floor of the chariot.
36. Each man to his town and each man to his land. This flight of the troops on the news of the king’s death is an explicit fulfillment of Micaiah’s prophecy. “I saw all Israel scattered over the mountains like sheep that had no shepherd” and “Let each go back home in peace.”
38. And they flushed out the chariot by the pool of Samaria, and the dogs licked his blood. This is only an approximate fulfillment of Elijah’s prophecy to Naboth. Elijah had said the dogs would lick Ahab’s blood in the place they had licked Naboth’s blood, which would be in Jezreel, not Samaria. Also, the dogs evidently do not lick the blood from the corpse or from the chariot but from the bloodied water of the pool used to clean the chariot. This indirection was no doubt necessary because the royal attendants would not have allowed the king’s body to be desecrated or the chariot to be invaded by dogs.
and the whores had bathed. Presumably, they used the pool to bathe and thus the king’s blood, however diluted, passed over their bodies. This added indignity was not part of Elijah’s prophecy of doom, at least not in the versions we have in the received text.
39. ivory house. This is a house with ivory panels or ornamentation, as ivory would have not been a suitable material for the structural elements of the building.
44. Only the high places were not removed. This refrain reflects the view of the Deuteronomist that the local altars were a kind of paganism, though they could well have been legitimate places for the worship of YHWH.
48. but a royal governor. The Hebrew lacks “but” and sounds a little crabbed.
49. Tarshish ships. Since the destination of the ships is on the Red Sea, it is clear at least in this instance that “Tarshish ships” refers to a particular design of ship, not to a geographical location.
50. Let my servants go with your servants in ships. Perhaps the northern kingdom had greater proficiency in seafaring because of its proximity to Phoenicia. In any case, Jehoshaphat rejects the proposal, probably because he doesn’t want to share the gold of Ophir.
54. And he worshipped Baal. If this scarcely seems a proper ending for the book, that is because Kings, like Samuel, was originally one book, the division into two reflecting merely the limits of the length of a scroll.